Commerce imparts a detailed insight of economy, finance, accounting & management. In Commerce Class For 11, you will get basics and in-depth knowledge of commerce by chartered accountants and teams. You have studied a variety of subjects since you started school to Class 10, but now is the time to study what you are interested in.
✔ It is up to you when and where you study.
✔ Cost-effective and time-saving
✔ With ease, revisions can be made
✔ Never miss a class or lecture
✔ Learn from the comfort of your own home
✔ Mockups and online tests
✔ Clarification of doubts on an individual basis
Commerce students in this course will be taught the complete syllabus of Commerce for Class 12 as per their respective Boards (CBSE, ICSE, BSEB, and other Boards). The syllabus and subjects covered in Class 12th are as follows:
✔ Accountancy (Mandatory)
✔ Business Studies (Mandatory)
✔ Economics (Mandatory)
✔ English (Mandatory)
✔ Mathematics (Optional)
Unit 1: Accounting for Partnership Firms
Partnership : features, Partnership Deed ; Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed ; Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts. Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account - division of profit among partners , guarantee of profits ; Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio) ; Goodwill: meaning, nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation - average profit, super profit and capitalization .
Accounting for Partnership firms - Reconstitution and Dissolution
Accounting for Partnership Firms – Fundamentals, Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partner, Admission of a Partner, Retirement & Death of a Partner, Dissolution of a Partnship Firm
Retirement and death of a partner
Effect of retirement / death of a partner on change in profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, adjustment of accumulated profits, losses and reserves, adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of capital, current account and balance sheet. Preparation of loan account of the retiring partner ; Calculation of deceased partner’s share of profit till the date of death. Preparation of deceased partner’s capital account and his executor’s account .
Dissolution of a partnership firm
Meaning of dissolution of partnership and partnership firm, types of dissolution of a firm. Settlement of accounts - preparation of realization account, and other related accounts: capital accounts of partners and cash/bank a/c ( excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of partner’s ).
Accounting for Companies
Accounting for Share Capital, Features and types of companies ; Share and share capital - nature and types
Accounting for share capital
Issue and allotment of equity and preferences shares, Public subscription of shares - over subscription and under subscription of shares; issue at par and at premium, calls in advance and arrears (excluding interest), issue of shares for consideration other than cash ; Concept of Private Placement and Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP), Sweat Equity ; Accounting treatment of forfeiture and reissue of shares. • Disclosure of share capital in the Balance Sheet of a company.
Accounting for Debentures
Debentures : Meaning, types, Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at a discount. Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash; Issue of debentures with terms of redemption; debentures as collateral security-concept, interest on debentures (concept of TDS is excluded). Writing off discount / loss on issue of debentures
Financial Statement Analysis
Financial statements of a Company: Meaning, Nature, Uses and importance of financial Statement. Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in prescribed form with major headings and sub headings ( as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 )
Financial Statement Analysis
Meaning, Significance Objectives, importance and limitations ; Tools for Financial Statement Analysis ( Comparative statements, common size statements, Ratio analysis, Cash flow analysis ) ; Accounting Ratios Meaning, Objectives, Advantages, classification and computation. ; Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio and Quick ratio. • Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Asset to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio. Debt to Capital Employed Ratio. • Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover Ratio, Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio, Trade Payables Turnover Ratio, Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio, Net Asset Turnover Ratio and Working Capital Turnover Ratio.
Profita:bility Ratios
Gross Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment.
Cash Flow Statement
Meaning, objectives Benefits, Cash and Cash Equivalents, Classification of Activities and preparation .
Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
What is Macroeconomics ? , Basic concepts in macroeconomics :- Consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods ; stocks and flows ; gross investment and depreciation. Circular flow of income (two sector model) ; Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare
Unit 2: Money and Banking
Money – meaning and functions , Supply of Money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks. Money creation by the commercial banking system. Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India) : Bank of issue , Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank , Control of Credit through Bank Rate , Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) , Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) , Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate , Open Market Operations , Margin requirement.
Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment
Aggregate demand and its components . Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal) . Short-run equilibrium output ; investment multiplier and its mechanism . Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment . Problems of excess demand and deficient demand ; Measures to correct them - Changes in government spending , taxes and money supply .
Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy
Government budget - Meaning , objectives and components. Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts ; Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Balanced , Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.
Unit 5: Balance of Payments
Balance of payments account - Meaning and Components ; Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market , Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate. Managed Floating exchange rate system .
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans. Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST.
Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development .Growth of Education Sector in India Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors ; problems and policies Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming
Unit 8: Development Experience of India
A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan India and China Issues: economic growth , population , sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators
Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management
Management - concept, objectives and importance, Management as Science, Art and Profession. Levels of Management. Management functions-planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling Coordination - concept and importance .
Unit 2: Principles of Management
Principles of Management - concept and significance, Fayol’s principles of management. Taylor’s Scientific management - principles and techniques.
Unit 3: Business Environment
Business Environment- concept and importance.Dimensions of Business Environment - Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal Demonetization - concept and features.
Unit 4: Planning
Planning- Concept, importance and limitation, Planning process. Single use and Standing Plans. Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget and Programme.
Unit 5: Organising
Organising - Concept and importance. Organising Process. Structure of organisation- functional and divisional concept. Formal and informal organization - concept. Delegation: concept, elements and importance. Decentralization: concept and importance
Unit 6: Staffing
Concept and importance of staffing. Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management concept. Staffing process. Recruitment process. Selection – process. Training and Development - Concept and importance, Methods of training - on the job and off the job - vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training
Unit 7: Directing
Concept and importance. Elements of Directing. Motivation - concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Financial and non-financial incentives. Leadership - concept, styles - authoritative, democratic and laissez faire. Communication - concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective communication, how to overcome the barriers?
Unit 8: Controlling
Concept and importance. Relationship between planning and controlling Steps in process of control.
Unit 9: Financial Management
Concept, role and objectives ,Financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend - Meaning and factors affecting ,Financial Planning - concept and importance ,Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting capital structure,Fixed and Working Capital - Concept and factors affecting their requirements .
Unit 10: Financial Markets
Concept , Money Market: Concept , Capital market and its types (primary and secondary) ,Stock Exchange - Functions and trading procedure , Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) - objectives and functions
Unit 11: Marketing
Concept, functions and philosophies , Marketing Mix – Concept and elements ,Product – branding, labelling and packaging – Concep ,Price - Concept, Factors determining price ,Physical Distribution – concept, components and channels of distribution , Promotion – Concept and elements; Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public Relations .
Unit 12: Consumer Protection
Concept and importance , The Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Source: http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210422.pdf Meaning of consumer Rights and responsibilities of consumers Who can file a complaint? Redressal machinery Remedies available .Consumer awareness - Role of consumer organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Section A
Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage
Section B
Creative Writing Skills ,Notice, up to 50 words ,Formal/Informal Invitation and Reply .
Section C
Literature Text Book and Supplementary Reading Text
One Poetry extract out of two, from the book Flamingo, One Prose extract out of two, from the book Vistas,One prose extract out of two from the book Flamingo , Short answer type questions from Prose and Poetry from the book Flamingo
Short answer type questions, from Prose (Vistas) ,One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry (Flamingo) , One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Vistas
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